First In, Hardest to Displace: How Early American Entrants Are Locking In Competitive Advantages Through Benin's Relationship Economy
American companies that invested in building personal contact networks in Benin five to ten years ago are now discovering that those relationships function as genuine barriers to competitive entry. As more US firms turn their attention to West Africa, the gap between early movers and late arrivals is widening in ways that no marketing budget can easily close.